Defence & security, explained.
French President Emmanuel Macron, centre, during a visit to New Caledonia in July (Raphael Lafargue via AFP/Getty Images)
A little known regional dialogue offers France and other countries a chance to contribute to the “Pacific way”.
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France as a convening power in the Pacific: The Nouméa SPDMMFrance as a convening power in the Pacific: The Nouméa SPDMM
On 4 December, France hosts the South Pacific Defence Ministers Meeting (SPDMM) in Nouméa, New Caledonia. The SPDMM marks its tenth anniversary this year, however remains relatively unknown outside of the Pacific.
Initially an Australian government initiative, this distinctive forum serves as a platform for dialogue and coordination, bringing together Australia, Chile, Fiji, France, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Tonga, alongside three observers, the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom. As extreme weather events intensify in the region due to climate change, the meeting offers defence authorities a chance to share concerns and best practices and improve coordination in humanitarian and disaster relief operations (HADR).
A key achievement of the SPDMM, the Povai Endeavour framework streamlines major HADR training exercises in the South Pacific, such as Longreach, a multinational exercise, as well as Croix du Sud and Marara, which are conducted respectively by the French Armed Forces in New Caledonia (FANC) and the French Armed Forces in French Polynesia (FAPF).
France is the only European country with the capacity to make a substantial security contribution to the South Pacific, with a permanent presence of 2800 military personnel in the region. Since 1992, French forces have collaborated under the FRANZ agreement with Australian and New Zealand counterparts to deliver HADR support to Pacific Island countries. Along with the United States, this group forms the “Pacific Quad”, assisting the small island states in monitoring their large maritime territory.
Extreme weather events are intensifying in the region due to climate change (Gregory Boissy/AFP via Getty Images)
France’s hosting of the SPDMM aligns with the approach outlined by President Emmanuel Macron during his Pacific tour in July. During this visit, Macron presented three pillars for France’s Indo-Pacific strategy: the promotion of multilateralism, cooperation in security and defence, and mitigation of and adaptation to climate change – areas where France can claim legitimacy due to its experience and expertise.
With Vanuatu, Macron issued a joint call for climate action, drawing upon the 2015 Paris Agreement and June’s Paris Agenda for People and the Planet, positioning France as a supporter of Port Vila and other Pacific Island states in their pursuit of climate justice. Furthermore, by 2027, the French Development Agency has pledged a five-fold boost to its financial commitment for climate change mitigation and adaptation in the South Pacific.
Geostrategic rivalry holds little significance for Pacific Islands nations, which are more preoccupied with concerns such as the impacts of climate change.
Macron has unveiled plans to establish a Pacific Academy in Nouméa. This academy is intended to enhance and complement existing training programs in HADR and civil security for defence and security forces throughout the region. Additionally, in collaboration with the Red Cross, a strengthened coordination hub for emergency response will be set up. The deployment of an extra 200 soldiers, coupled with a total investment of €150 million (A$245 million), will position the Nouméa military base to make a substantial contribution to the enhancement of regional capabilities.
Present discussions regarding the future status of New Caledonia should not disrupt the French military presence on the island. While negotiations explore the possibility of an associated state status with France, it is emphasised that the authority over defence forces remains with Paris. The French government is actively striving to establish New Caledonia as a regional hub for security cooperation, especially in the realm of climate security. In this context, it is crucial for Paris to see an active role for its territories within its Indo-Pacific strategy and to provide clarity on their mode of representation in regional organisations.
The future of the SPDMM will depend on its ability to position itself in the face of the resurgence of power rivalries in the Pacific. It will need to align with other dialogues and security initiatives that are multiplying in the region.
The growing influence of China in the South Pacific, evidenced by the signing of a security treaty with Solomon Islands in March 2022, has raised concerns among the United States, its allies, and partners. This has revived interest from Western nations and has resulted in an influx of security cooperation proposals, not always fitting the needs of island states with limited absorption capacity. Moreover, this geostrategic rivalry holds little significance for Pacific Islands nations, which are more preoccupied with concerns about the potential submersion of atolls, coastal erosion, exploitation of natural resources, impacts of climate change and pollution.
In such a context, the SPDMM must maintain legitimacy and effectiveness.
Firstly, by keeping a distance from power competition and staying focused on cross-cutting security issues and capacity-building, while respecting the “Pacific way”. Managing the security impacts of climate change should thus remain the primary priority, as outlined in the 2018 Boe Declaration and the Strategy for the Blue Pacific by 2050, set to guide regional cooperation in the coming decades.
Secondly, the SPDMM must coordinate with other security dialogues and mechanisms to avoid redundancies. As a resident nation and responsible actor in the region, France must play a leading role in consolidating and streamlining various initiatives in the region. This involves keeping the option open to join useful platforms, including those initiated by the United States, such as Partners in the Blue Pacific.
Finally, France should strengthen its role as a convening power (puissance partenariale), ensuring a high level of representation in regional instances and adopting a proactive approach to establish networks and clusters. In this perspective, the upcoming Pacific Academy in Nouméa would greatly benefit from the engagement of French Indo-Pacific partners with substantial expertise in capacity-building. This includes, but is not limited to, countries such as Japan, South Korea, and India.
About the author
Céline Pajon
Céline Pajon is Head of Japan Research at the Center for Asian and Indo-Pacific Studies of the French Institute of International Relations (IFRI), Paris.
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