Taiwan, explained.

A woman chants passionately at a rally, wearing a red cap adorned with small Taiwanese flags

Supporter of Taiwan’s main opposition party, Kuomintang, rally against a recall election in front of the Presidential Office in Taipei in July 2025 (I-Hwa Cheng/AFP via Getty Images

Taiwan’s deeper vulnerability is politics at home

China doesn’t need to fire a shot if Taiwan’s fractured democracy does the work for it.

Aniello Iannone

24 April 20263 min read

Most analysis of Taiwan’s security predicament begins from the outside: in particular on Chinese military modernisation, the credibility of American extended deterrence, the risk of armed conflict across the Strait. Each is a legitimate concern. But a focus on external threat and alliance dynamics risks obscuring a vulnerability that is increasingly within Taiwan itself. Taiwan’s most immediate strategic problem is not what China might do. It is what Taiwan’s own political system appears unable to do.

The 2024 elections produced a divided government – a president without legislative control, and an opposition with the parliamentary arithmetic to block executive action. In a stable, low-threat environment, this would be unremarkable. Divided government is a routine feature of competitive democracies.

But Taiwan does not operate in a stable, low-threat environment. It operates under sustained coercive pressure from a revisionist power with explicit territorial claims. Taiwan’s political deadlock matters because deterrence is not measured only in missiles or troop numbers. It is also measured in whether a state can make decisions, fund priorities, and signal consistency under pressure. A state that cannot coordinate internally, translate threat perception into budgetary priorities, or sustain a consistent defence policy will appear unreliable regardless of its formal alliance ties or force posture.

Taiwan’s present budget standoff on defence spending is therefore not merely a fiscal argument. It is an unintended signal, and in deterrence, signals are everything.

Washington reads such signs closely. American support for Taiwan is not unconditional, and it is not purely ideological. It rests on an implicit calculation about Taiwan’s own contribution to its defence and, crucially, about the political sustainability of that contribution over time. A democratic partner that cannot produce coherent security policy complicates that calculation. It raises the perceived cost of extended deterrence at precisely the moment when the regional environment is becoming less forgiving. Allies assess not just capability but seriousness. Seriousness, in the end, is demonstrated through institutions.

The more convincingly Taipei can be portrayed as ungovernable and inconsistent in its long-term policy approach, the more Beijing can erode the case for external support.

Beijing has understood this dynamic for some time. China’s approach to Taiwan over the medium term does not rely exclusively on military pressure. It combines military signalling with grey-zone operations, economic leverage, and a sustained effort to exploit internal division. The logic is straightforward: a politically fragmented Taiwan is also a diplomatically isolated Taiwan. The more convincingly Taipei can be portrayed as ungovernable and inconsistent in its long-term policy approach, the more Beijing can erode the case for external support without firing a shot. From this perspective, Taiwan’s political deadlock is not just a domestic inconvenience. It is a variable that Beijing actively seeks to widen.

Liberal assumptions about democracy often treat political openness as a asset in itself. Usually, that view is justified. Democracies can generate legitimacy, resilience, and more durable international partnerships. But those advantages depend on a baseline of institutional functionality, on the capacity to convert political competition into coherent policy outputs. When competition begins to systematically undermine coordination, openness alone is not enough. A system can remain democratic in form while becoming strategically incoherent in practice.

That is the precise danger Taiwan now faces. It is not a case of democratic backsliding in the conventional sense – no erosion of rights, no executive overreach, no suppression of dissent. It is something more subtle and, in some ways, harder to address: democratic incoherence under geopolitical stress. The institutions function. The elections are free. The problem is that competitive politics, sustained over time under conditions of external coercion, is producing paralysis where it most cannot afford to.

There is no structural solution to a structural problem of this kind. It requires political choices, about restraint, about the limits of partisan competition, about the recognition that some confrontations carry strategic costs that extend far beyond the domestic arena. Whether Taiwan’s political class is capable of making those choices, and sustaining them under pressure, is the question on which its strategic position ultimately turns. Taiwan’s problem, then, is not that democracy has failed. It is that democracy under sustained coercion can lose coherence before it loses legitimacy. That is a far more subtle danger, and, for now, the more urgent one.

About the author

Aniello Iannone

Aniello Iannone is a lecturer in Indonesian and Southeast Asian Politics at the Department of Political Science and Government at Diponegoro University.

Topics

Taiwan China Defence & security United States Government & politics