Jakarta International Container Terminal at Tanjung Priok Port in Jakarta, Indonesia (Agoes Rudianto/NurPhoto via Getty Images)

Indonesia’s informal toll: the cost fiscal incentives can’t fix

Indonesia is building channels to tackle hidden business costs, but their success depends on firms actually using them.

Ivan Kahfi

21 May 20264 min read

A truck carrying export goods from an industrial area in Bogor, West Java, makes its way toward Jakarta’s Tanjung Priok port. The route is familiar, the distance manageable, and the formal costs predictable. Yet, the driver is repeatedly stopped. Each stop is brief. Each request is informal. Each payment is small. By the time the container reaches the port, the total cost of the trip has quietly increased, without any official receipt or record.

This is not an unusual story. For many firms operating in Indonesia, especially in logistics, manufacturing and trade, such informal expenses are part of everyday operations. A World Bank report on informality notes that weak state capacity can create space for non-state actors to impose their own informal “taxes” on economic activity. These costs accumulate along supply chains, raising transaction costs in ways that are rarely captured in official statistics. Over time, they erode profitability, weaken competitiveness, and discourage expansion.

The effects are not limited to direct costs. Firms respond not only to the level of expenses, but also to their predictability. Informal charges are difficult to anticipate, cannot be formally recorded, and often vary across locations and transactions. This uncertainty makes it harder to plan for investment, manage cash flow, and price goods accurately. Many firms therefore choose caution over growth. While rational at the firm level, this collective response contributes to weaker credit demand, and thus, slower economic growth.

Informal charges are difficult to anticipate, cannot be formally recorded, and often vary across locations and transactions.

This helps explain why policy discussions focused solely on incentives can fall short. Tax exemptions and subsidies may improve expected returns, but they do little to reduce uncertainty. Informal costs, by contrast, increase both expenses and risk. As long as these frictions persist, additional incentives are likely to generate diminishing returns, as businesses continue to factor uncertainty into their decisions. In a region where countries compete intensely with mobile capital, these frictions carry wider consequences.

Indonesia has begun to address this challenge through institutional reform. The Task Force for the Acceleration of Strategic Government Programs, known as Satgas P2SP, was established to resolve bottlenecks in economic activity by providing a formal channel for businesses and the public to raise concerns and seek solutions. If effectively utilised, this mechanism could improve the business environment in several concrete ways.

First, it can reduce uncertainty by turning scattered complaints into coordinated action. For many firms, the challenge is not only the presence of informal costs, but the absence of a credible channel to address them. Without one, businesses often absorb these costs as part of normal operations. When firms can report issues and see them addressed through formal coordination, expectations begin to shift. What once seemed like a permanent cost can start to look solvable.

Second, the mechanism can identify recurring patterns across sectors and regions. Individual complaints may appear isolated, but when aggregated they can reveal practices that systematically raise the cost of doing business. This creates an opportunity for more targeted reform, moving beyond case-by-case resolution toward broader institutional fixes. In that sense, the task force can function not only as a problem solver, but also as a source of policy intelligence.

Third, and the most consequential effect, it can help rebuild trust between businesses and the state. Trust matters in economic decision-making. When firms believe that reporting problems will lead to follow-up and resolution, the perceived risks of operating formally begin to decline. Over time, this can encourage businesses to expand, seek formal financing, and comply more fully with regulations.

Early observations suggest the mechanism is beginning to take shape. Sessions have been led directly by Indonesia’s Finance Minister Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa, signalling a high level of political commitment. Businesses are given a platform to present concerns directly, with relevant ministries and local governments involved in the discussion. At a minimum, there is visible follow-up through formal assignments to responsible agencies. Some sessions have also been broadcast publicly, adding a degree of transparency often missing from traditional administrative processes. These efforts were reinforced this week through an international seminar on debottlenecking channels in Jakarta attended by ambassadors, foreign experts, and senior Indonesian policymakers.

However, the story does not end there. The effectiveness of mechanisms such as Satgas P2SP will ultimately depend on whether businesses choose to use them. Informal cost pressures are often underreported not because they are minor, but because they are seen as too difficult to address or outside formal channels. Without active participation, many of these costs will remain invisible, unreported, and unresolved.

The path toward a lower-cost economy, therefore, is not only a matter of policy design. It is also a matter of collective engagement. For Indonesia, reducing hidden frictions may prove one of the most cost-effective ways to strengthen competitiveness, attract investment, and sustain growth. Predictability and trust – in an era of intense regional competition – may matter as much as incentives.

About the author

Ivan Kahfi

Ivan Kahfi is a civil servant at Indonesia’s Ministry of Finance with more than 17 years of experience in fiscal policy and public sector governance. His interests include investment climate reform, public finance, and institutional effectiveness. He writes in a personal capacity.

Topics

Indonesia Economy